Eagle Times Vol 31 No 1

Spring 2018 Contents

• 'H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines from the Novel to the Strip That Never Was' - The story of the book and its various adaptations as motion pictures and comics, including the three pages of artwork produced for Eagle by Frank Bellamy, for a strip destined not to be published'
• Eagle Centre Spreads' - featuring vehicles that were also produced as Dinky Toys. In this issue: The Hillman Minx, drawn by Leslie Ashwell Wood (Eagle 8th Dec, 1950) and the Austin Healey 100, drawn by Hubert Redmill (Eagle, 8th Jan, 1954).
• 'The Lost Opportunities of Those Early Dan Dare Stories' - on the incidental "hooks" and loose-ends in Frank Hampson's 'Dare Dare' strip, and where they might have led
• 'The Bidding War for the 1963 Dan Dare Annual' - recollections of a school for-charity auction which tested the friendship of two schoolboys as, in 1964, they bid as rivals for the previous year's Dan Dare Annual
• 'U.S.A. Post Marks - Eagle Connection' - a couple of naming coincidences collected as postal covers: Kingfisher OK and Peabody MA
• 'In and Out of the Eagle' - more instalments in the series that presents Eagle-related snippets
• 'Flint of the Flying Squad' - on another series of police stories by P.C.49 author Alan Stranks, which also began as a BBC radio series and then went to comic strip, in this case in the Daily Express
• 'George Davies and His Eagle Connections' - on the 'Flint of the Flying Squad' artist and his connections with Eagle contributors Alan Stranks, Jack Daniel and Guy Morgan
• 'Invasion: Earth' - a review of a six-part mini-series co-produced in 1998 by the BBC and the SciFi Channel, which "captured the feel of classic British SF". 
• 'How Does it Compare to other Concept Cities?' -  On the Venusian city of Mekonta, which was first drawn by Frank Hampson for Eagle 21st July 1950, and other concept cities, both real and imaginary.
• The Case of the Educated Archie - an Adventure of Archie Berkeley-Willoughby of Scotland Yard. A new story inspired by the character created by Alan Stranks for his radio show P.C.49
• 'Gerald Palmer, 1935-2017' - On the former Eagle artist Gerald Palmer, who died in August 2017, and is remembered by former Eagle readers for his work on 'Dan Dare' as well as his cutaway drawings.    
• 'Space Fiction Movies in Eagle's Times' part 5 - continuing a look at films about space exploration and alien visitations to the earth, the bread-and-butter of the Eagle's Dan Dare adventures between 1950 and 1969. This part covers 1960-62 and includes (among others) Assignment Outer Space, Battle of the Worlds, The Day of the Triffids and Planeta Bur (Planet of Storms)
• 'He Who Dares. Titan's new min-series - a pilot for the future?' - a review of the four part Dan Dare comic series from Titan comics, published monthly from Oct 2017 - Jan 2018, and which is to be published in "graphic novel" form in April, 2018 

Eagle Times Vol 30 No 1

Spring 2017 Contents

• 'The Shepherd King': part 1 of a three-part examination of Clifford Makins' and Frank Bellamy's strip about the biblical King David, comparing the strip with biblical accounts of his life. The strip began on Eagle's back page in September 1958. 
• 'Alan Stranks under closer investigation': some other facets of the rare life of the writer who created PC49 for radio, then brought him to Eagle, and wrote the 'Dan Dare' adventure 'Prisoners of Space' for Eagle in 1954
• 'Blunderbirds are Go!': continuing a look at Eagle strips of the 1960s with this send-up, drawn by Brian Lewis, of the TV series Thunderbirds
• The Original ‘Rider of the Range’: an examination of the life of Cal McCord, who starred in the first three Riders of the Range radio serials
• Dan Dare: The 2000AD Years, Volume 2: a review of the second volume of reprints of 'Dan Dare' from 2000AD comic 
• 'He Tried to Stop You Reading Eagle', part 2: an adjunct to the series, 'They Helped to Bring You Eagle', this continues the story of Leonard Matthews, General Managing Editor of Fleetway 
• 'Martin Aitchison (1919-2016)': a personal recollection the artist Martin Aitchison, particularly the Eagle years, written by Nick, his only son; illustrated with some of Martin's non-Eagle work 
• 'In and Out of the Eagle': a further instalment in the series presenting collections of Eagle-related snippets
• 'Harris Tweed, Eagle and 1950s Coffee Culture': an exploit of Extra Special Agent Harris Tweed in  an espresso bar inspires a look at this lost social scene of the1950s  
• 'Space Fiction Movies in Eagle's Times', part 1:  a look at films about space exploration and alien visitations to the earth, the bread-and-butter of the Eagle's Dan Dare's adventures between 1950 and 1969. This part covers 1950-1953, from Rocketship X-M to War of the Worlds
• 'Hulton's Boys & Girls Exhibition, 1958': a look at the programme of the third Hulton's Boys and Girls Exhibition, held at London's Olympia in 1958.    
• 'Yet More Eagle Miscellany' - a further collection of notes on Eagle history
• 'In Defence of Comics 1953' - reviewing an article that appeared in the Daily Express in 1953 defending comics as a route to the love of reading. The original article was authored by Lady Pakenham who did much to promote literacy in the young
• 'They Helped to Bring You Eagle: No 3 Brian Blake' - the resident artist and art restoration specialist who worked on Eagle in the 1960s

Eagle Times Vol 29 No 1

Spring 2016 Contents

• 'Dan's Dates' - not about Dan Dare's romantic dalliances(!) but rather about the chronology of the stories as told by Frank Hampson in the 1950's Eagle
• 'Man of Courage' - an examination of Eagle's strip about the life of St. Vincent de Paul, and its "mystery" writer, Francis Dickson, alias "R.B. Saxe"
• 'The Platinum Planet' - remembrance of the Dan Dare story, written by Eric Eden and drawn by Don Harley and Bruce Cornwell, which appeared in Eagle in 1961
• 'Vengeance Trail' - an examination of the western strip that replaced 'Riders of the Range' in Eagle in 1962 and was based on Flaming Irons, a novel by Max Brand
• 'In and Out of the Eagle': some more episodes in the series presenting collections of Eagle-related snippets
• 'PC49 and the Case of the Gypsy's Warning': part 3, concluding the latest Eagle Times adaptation of a PC49 radio story, originally written by Alan Stranks
• 'Eagle and Chocolate' - a history of chocolate, its manufacture in Britain and the firms that advertised their products in Eagle
• 'The Gay Corinthian': concluding a comparison of the Eagle's (1961-62) reprint/adaptation of the 1924 novel by Ben Bolt with its earlier (June 1953) comic-strip adaptation in Thriller Comics
• 'Dan Dare Rocket and Space Ship Builder Sets - The Meccano Connection': continuing an article on the construction sets produced in the 1950s, this time taking a look at those produced by MOKO
• 'Eagle Miscellany or pieces picked up' - a collection of short notes of Eagle history, gathered from various sources, including the recollections of the late Derek Lord, a former editor of Eagle
• 'Nelson' - taking a look at aspects of the life of Lord Nelson not mentioned in Eagle's picture-strip version of his life, 'The Great Sailor'
• 'Dan Dare: The 2000 AD Years, Volume 1' - a review of the recently published collection of Dan Dare reprints from the 1970's 2000AD comic
• 'Radio Echoes' - on the on-line availability of pre-Eagle episodes from the BBC radio series The Adventures of PC49
• 'Silver Eagler of the Year 1954' - Wyndham Rees writes about the "big fuss" made of him by Marcus Morris and Eagle, after being awarded Silver Eagler of the Year
• 'A Vague Resemblance' - a reader speculates the influence of the 1955 film This Island Earth, and Dan Dare's 1956 adventure 'Rogue Planet'
• 'Waldof and Cecil' - a look at the popular pair of cartoon characters that appeared in strips in Eagle Annual  but never actually appeared in the weekly magazine

This issue's cover features opening frames from Frank Hampson's first Dan Dare story (written in 1950), depicting events in the (then) future 1996

Eagle Times Vol 28 No 1

Spring 2015 Contents

• 'I Designed Dan Dare's Space Cup' - how a 12-year-old's design for a Space Cup came to be taken up by Horlicks and was offered to members of the Horlicks Dan Dare Spacemen's Club on Radio Luxembourg
• 'Telling the Story Without Words' - on Frank Hampson's ambition to create a comic strip without words, and the two one-page examples from Dan Dare episodes in Eagle
• 'Great News Pals!' - an examination of the mergers that brought some well-known comics to their final resting places
• 'PC49 and the Case of the Stolen Easter Eggs' - the latest in a series of PC49 stories adapted from Alan Stranks' radio stories
• 'In and Out of the Eagle' - more in the series presenting collections of Eagle-related snippets
• 'Saturday Morning at the Pictures, No 2: The Phantom Empire' - the second of a new series looking at Saturday children's cinema matinees of the 1950s
• 'Eagle and the Air Speed Record in Cutaway' - the appearance of air-speed record aircraft in Eagle's cutaway centre-spreads
• 'The Phantom Fleet as Advertised on TV' - on the appearance on TV in 1958 of an advertisement for The Phantom Fleet, "the new Dan Dare story in Eagle'
• 'The Rivals of Jeff Arnold: John Wayne' - the appearance of the western film star John Wayne in comics and annuals
• 'A Spacecraft Mystery' - requesting knowledge of 1950s aerospace building kits, 'A-Jet' and 'Supersonic'
• 'PC49 and the Case Against the Three Howards' - how the Alan Stranks' PC49 radio stories are adapted for Eagle Times 
• 'Rob Conway' - an examination of the short-lived strip created by Frank Hampson for the first issue of Eagle'
• 'Would You Believe It?' - an article to test readers' credibility
• 'The Sartorians' - on the natty dress of the characters and races invented by Frank Hampson and his team 
• 'The Dairy Cutaways of L Ashwell Wood' - how some specific cutaway drawings ('The Romance of Ice Cream' and 'The Background to Pure Milk') came to feature in Eagle
• 'Dan Dare Pilot of the Future in a New Jigsaw Puzzle' - a detailed review of the new Dan Dare Limited Edition Jigsaw Puzzle, made by Wentworth Wooden Puzzles and published by Dragon Collectables
• 'Still the Happy Warrior' - a review of the latest reprint of Clifford Makins' and Frank Bellamy's Happy Warrior, the Life Story of Winston Churchill

Eagle Times Vol 27 No 1

Spring 2014 Contents

• 'The Lakeland Motor Museum' - an article focussing on the Campbell Bluebird Exhibition, recalling the former world land and water speed champions Malcolm Campbell and (his son) Donald Campbell, who featured in a number of articles and cutaway drawings in Eagle
• 'The 2013 Marcus Morris Award' - Terry Mansfield's citation to the 2013 winner of "UK's highest accolade in magazine publishing" (named after Eagle's co-creator and first Editor), which was presented to Nicholas Coleridge on 8th October 2013
• 'In and Out of the Eagle' - a double-dose of a new series presenting collections of Eagle-related news snippets
• 'PC49 and the Case of the Park Café' - another text story of London's East End "copper", adapted from one of Alan Stranks' original radio plays
• 'Remembering Project Nimbus' - a re-look at the 'Dan Dare' story from 1960, when the Eagle mast-head changed, 'Dan Dare was 're-vamped' (under editorial orders) and which brought to a close Frank Bellamy's contribution to 'Dan Dare'
• 'More on Nando Tacconi' - a follow-up to the appreciation of the artist which appeared in Eagle Times Vol. 25 No. 3, with further information on his work
• 'Some thoughts on Impulse Waves' - regarding the nature of the fictional propulsion system devised by Frank Hampson (or possibly Arthur C. Clarke?) to overcome the limitations of rocket power in travelling about Dan Dare's solar system 
• 'José Ortiz Moya' - obituary of the artist, known as José Ortiz, who drew for both the original Eagle and the 1980s re-incarantion, "new" Eagle 
• 'The Death of Swift and the Eagle Takeover' - on the demise of Eagle's companion paper and the changes in Eagle as it became Eagle and Swift in 1963 
• 'The Rivals of Jeff Arnold No. 13: Wyatt Earp' - on the real-life character who lived inside and outside the law, and his appearance as a character in British comics, particularly Junior Express Weekly and Swift
• 'Lt. Col. Pinto - The Spycatcher' - on the Dutchman whose memoirs of his World War II work for British Intelligence inspired a BBC television series Spycatcher (1959-61) starring Bernard Archer, as well as the comic strip 'Col. Pinto' in TV Express Weekly (1961), and who was featured in an Eagle supplement, The World of Espionage, in 1966 
• 'A comic remembered - Guns of Fact and Fiction'- recollecting a graphic 1948 comic (reprinted in Britain in 1950), which is now a collectable item but which "was the type of comic that Marcus Morris was very much against" 
• 'Leslie Robert Thomas Bartholomew' - a personal tribute from a former Eagle staff-member with memories about the man who took over editorship of Eagle in 1962 with "a certain yearning to restore Eagle to its old image", but who was destined to manage its decline 
• 'Stories from the Three Mustardeers' - on the origins with the crime writer Dorothy L. Sayers of the advertising feature stories from Colman's Mustard that appeared in Eagle every month from 1951-54

The cover of this issue of Eagle Times shows the cover of Eagle and Boys' World,  Vol. 18 No. 37 (9th September, 1967), featuring 'The Campbells: Legends in Their Lifetimes'

Eagle Times Vol 26 No 1

Eagle Times 
25th Anniversary Issue

Spring 2013 Contents

• 'A Thrill of a Lifetime in 1957' - the story of how one lucky 1950s reader, Robert Pegg, entered a competition in Eagle, and won a trip to Kenya with his father, flying in BOAC's newest airliner, the Bristol Britannia aircraft, otherwise known as The Whispering Giant

• 'Dan Dare Pilot of the Future on Radio Luxembourg' - a review of the radio serial, sponsored by Horlicks, that aired five days a week on 208 Medium Waveband from 1951 - 1956. The article includes a story listing and is accompanied by a short article on the origins of the malted milk product known as Horlicks 

• 'Serial Thrillers: The Adventure Serial on British Radio' - a review of Charles Norton’s new book about four immensely popular series from the Golden Age of British Radio, ie: Paul Temple, Dick Barton, Dan Dare, and Journey into Space

• 'P.C.49 and the Case of the Circular Tins' - a further adaptation from one of Alan Stranks' famous radio stories

• An obituary of Charles Chilton, M.B.E. (1917 - 2013), the renowned radio writer and producer, and writer of the 'Riders of the Range' strip that ran in Eagle from 1950 until 1962, plus a report on the funeral service held on 11th January, 2013, to commemorate his life

• 'How I learned to stop worrying and appreciate the genius of John Burns' - a look at the career and varied work of one of the artists who drew 'Dan Dare' for the "new" Eagle in 1990  

• 'When is a Hampson not a Hampson?' - on the particular challenge and difficulties of reliably attributing Eagle 'Dan Dare' artwork to its original creator and lead artist, Frank Hampson 

• 'Charles William (Bill) Nuttall - Artist' - a former Eagle letterer (Eagle Society member David Gould) provides a biographical review of the early career of lettering artist and illustrator, Bill Nuttall, and his personal recollections of working with Bill at Eagle from the mid-1960s. 

• 'Mann of Battle', part 1 - a look at the World War II strip that ran weekly in Eagle from 1962 - 1964, written by Alfred Carney Allan and drawn initially by Luis Bermejo, then for most of its life by Brian Lewis

• 'Dan Dare Holiday Special (1990)' - the third in a series of articles about Eagle-related holiday specials, this one looking at the only 'Dan Dare'-specific special to be published.

• 'Interviewing Marcus Morris' - a photo-illustrated article recounting a visit in 1987 to the home of former Eagle Editor Marcus Morris

• 'Lion, King of Picture Story papers'  - a review of Steve Holland's recent book about Eagle's 1950s' rival  - the comic that eventually (1969) swallowed Eagle

The cover of this issue celebrates 25 years of Eagle Times and incorporates the front cover of our first issue (Spring 1988) alongside a study, by John Burns, of Dan Dare's companion, Digby. 

Eagle Times Vol 25 No 1

Spring 2012 Contents

• 'The Roger Dean Experience' - on working in the late 1970s - early 1980s with the founder of Dragon's Dream on the 'Dan Dare' trilogy (The Man From Nowhere, Rogue Planet and Reign of the Robots), and the other Dragon's Dream reprints of Eagle strips, The Road of Courage and High Command 
• The Eagle Cutaways of A. Bruce Cornwell* - a look at some of the 'Dan Dare' artist's other work, focussing on his cutaway drawings
• 'Inside Information By L. Ashwell Wood' - on the final cutaway drawing series produced in Ashwell Wood's productive career, which was published by Benwig Books from 1969 to about 1971 
• 'Leslie Wood in the 1930s' - a look at Wood's illustrations for the 1930s part-works Romance of the Nation and The World of Wonder.
• 'A Look at Luck' - part 3 of a series examining the French Foreign Legion strip by Geoffrey Bond and Martin Aitchison, that ran in Eagle from 1952 - 1961
• 'Dan Dare Figures' (from the 1950s to the present day) - part 2 concludes by taking a look at those produced by Southall/Britains, Mettoy Playthings, Unicorn Miniatures and other manufacturers
• 'Rye - Pugwash's Town' - report of a visit made in 2010 to the home town of Captain Pugwash and Harris Tweed creator, the late John Ryan, describing the exhibits on view at the Rye Castle Museum and at the Rye Art Gallery
• 'PC49 and the Case of the Missing Schoolboy' - Alan Strank's famous radio (and Eagle) police hero features in a newly adapted story
• 'Visual Memories of Eaglecon 80' - part 2 of a series remembering the only London comics convention ever held solely for Eagle enthusiasts
• 'Only Digby was a more committed Follower' - a tribute to the late Eagle Society member and Dan Dare enthusiast, Geoff Provins
• 'Remembering The Ship That Lived' - a re-look at the "filler" 'Dan Dare' story that followed 'Reign of the Robots'
• 'Classics Illustrated and The West' - how the 1950s Classics Illustrated comic treated some of the real-life and fictional characters of the Wild West 
• 'Sky Buccaneers' - an examination of the "air pirate" series which ran in Eagle in 1968, written by Edward Cowan and drawn by José Ortiz

* Note: News of the death of Bruce Cornwell in early March reached us after this issue of Eagle Times went to press.

Eagle Times Vol 24 No 1

Spring 2011 Contents

• PC49 in The Case of the Crying Clown - beginning a new text story adaptation from one of Alan Stranks' famous BBC radio play police adventures
• Spaceship Awaaaaaaaaay! - Eagle Times presents a transcript of one episode from a Dan Dare radio adventure serial, first broadcast in 1954 on Radio Luxembourg sponsored by Horlicks
• In search of "Redmill" - a look at what is known of the life and work of Hubert Redmill, Eagle's sixth-most prolific Cutaway artist who, between 1952 to 1960 drew around 40 cutaway drawings for Eagle's centre pages.
• The David Pugh 'Dan Dare' - the first part of an examination of the 'Dan Dare' stories drawn by one of the artists who took on the resurrected "original" Dan Dare in "new" Eagle 1989-1994
• Rivals of Jeff Arnold - the sixth of the series takes a look at 'Gun Law', which started as an American radio series called 'Gunsmoke', became a long-running TV series shown initially in the UK as 'Gun Law', and then appeared as comic strips in Express Weekly and the Daily Express, drawn by Harry Bishop
• Tomorrow Revisited - a review of Alastair Crompton's recently published celebration of the life and works of 'Dan Dare' creator, Frank Hampson
• The Life of Another Brian - part 2, recalling memories about illustrator Brian Lewis, who  drew 'Home of the Wanderers' and 'Mann of Battle' for Eagle in the 1960s
• Yesterday rewritten - some personal recollections on the background to Alastair Crompton's Tomorrow Revisited
• Phonetic Phant - phantastically lighthearted wordplay, relating to Dan Dare's enemies on Cryptos
• PC49 on the stage - reproductions of advertisements for the visit of the stage production of PC49 to Manchester's Hippodrome theatre, Ardwick Green, in April, 1950
• Ron Embleton's Lovely Ladies - an illustrated article covering the many glamorous female characters Ron Embleton created during his prolific career.
• Sammy, Swift's Space Fleet Cadet: Stripography - part 1, summarising the Space Fleet stories that appeared in Eagle's companion paper, drawn by 'Dan Dare' artists Desmond Walduck and Bruce Cornwell  
• Obituary of the renowned Spanish artist, Victor de la Fuente who contributed 'Blackbow the Cheyenne' and 'Can You Catch a Crook?' strips to Eagle in the early1960s.
• Spotted in the Press - the story of a "real life Tintin" who may have inspired Hergé's famous character (who was created in 1929 in Belgium, but appeared translated for the first time in English in Eagle in 1951-952).

Eagle Times Vol 23 No 1

Spring 2010 Contents

• An examination of the career of Sergeant Bruce, whose single-episode exploits ran for nearly four years in the 1960s Eagle, firstly as 'Sergeant Bruce, C.I.D.' and then in 'Can You Catch a Crook?'
• A tribute to Geoffrey Bond (1920-2009), best known as the writer of 'Luck of the Legion' in Eagle; also a friend of the Eagle Society, who wrote the 'Justin Tyme' strip for Eagle Times
• Complaints from the Dustman? - reminiscences of some of Ron Embleton's "discarded" artwork
• A look at the life and career of Paul Trevillion, better known for his sports illustrations and his work on 'Roy of the Rovers' for Tiger, who drew some of the 'Can You Catch a Crook?' and 'U.F.O. Agent' strips in Eagle in the 1960s
• The Tales of a Southport Lad - reviewing Peter Dyer's book When I Went a' Walking
• Fond recollections of the Space Patrol Official Handbook that was the invention of Denis Gifford in 1952
• A revisit to the Eagle connections with Ladybird Books, including some examples of the work of Roy Worvill (writer) and covers by the artists Robert Ayton, Frank Hampson, Frank Humphris and Martin Aitchison
• A Frank Humphris 'Ladybird' Rough, showing the sketch which led to one of the full-page illustrations in the Ladybird book The story of the Indians of the Western Plains
• The Case of the Shocking Shadow - taking a look at Alan Stranks' PC49 stage play from 1950
• A look at 'Jim Stalwart', Bruce Cornwell's "forgotten" Space Captain, whose exploits graced the pages of the Junior Mirror in 1954
• 'Rivals of Jeff Arnold' examines the history and the myth of Billy the Kid
• Same Again Next Week? A review of the issue of The Champion that was published the week before Eagle's debut in 1950
• Pop Music in Eagle Times - 1968

The cover of this issue of Eagle Times commemorates the birth of Eagle 60 years ago on 14th April, 1950.

Eagle Times Vol 22 No 1

Spring 2009 contents

• Operation Saturn - but not as we know it. Details of Frank Hampson's original 1952 story outline for Dan Dare's 4th adventure, revealed and reviewed
• Heros the Spartan - a review of EAGLE's popular 1960s sword and sorcery strip, part 2
• By a Hair's Breadth - artwork by Frank Hampson, from Ranger, 1965
• Prisoners of Space revisited - a new review of the Pilot of the Future's 5th EAGLE adventure
• PC49 and the Case of the Murderous Mouse - part 1 of a new story adaptation
• Edward Beal - more information about the creator the Railway Page that appeared in EAGLE's dummy second issue
• Rick Random, Space Detective - a review of Prion Books' recently published collection of 1950s interplanetary adventures
• More memories of Denis Gifford's Ally Sloper magazine
• "I was there" - part 5, memories of the Society of Strip Illustration Awards Dinner, December 1976
• More Crockett and Krispies - from the series Heroes of the West, drawn by Ron Embleton for Kellogg's Rice Krispies
• Eagle Autographs - part 4, the artists and storytellers
  
• Pop Music during Eagle Times - 1964

This issue's front cover features the Valiant spaceship from 'Operation Saturn' (EAGLE, 1953)
superimposed with images of Saturn and the Eagle Nebula (NASA photographs) .

Eagle Times, Vol 21 No 1

Spring 2008 Contents

• Comics 101 - I was there (part 1)
• Eagle Times on the Web
• Stills from A Case for PC49 (Hammer Films)
  
• Clevedon Confectionery's trade card album
• The Iron Man - EAGLE's popular android
• HMS Eagle's association with EAGLE
• Frank Hampson in The Post (part 2)
• A Tribute to Chad Varah
• Virgin's Dare is not for me!
• Chris Weston's Dan Dare
• PC49 - The case of the Pink Panic (part 1)
  
• The mysterious case of Dan Dare's space suit
• EAGLE on the Web
• Whatever Happened to Harold Johns? (part 4)
• Pop Music in Eagle Times - 1961
• EAGLE Autographs (part 3)
  

With this edition, Eagle Times marks over 20 years of continuous publication - longer than the original publication, Eagle, that we celebrate! The cover features just a few samples of the 80 covers that have preceded this one, from 1988 - 2007.